Contents

 
• List of Figures
• 12.3.1 Introduction
  • 1.1 OpenGL Version
  • 1.2 Course Notes and Slide Set Organization
  • 1.3 Acknowledgments
  • 1.4 Acknowledgments for 1997 Course Notes
  • 1.5 Course Notes Web Site
• 2 About OpenGL
• 3 Modeling
  • 3.1 Modeling Considerations
  • 3.2 Decomposition and Tessellation
  • 3.3 Generating Model Normals
    • 3.3.1 Consistent Vertex Winding
    • 3.3.2 Smooth Shading
  • Triangle-stripping
    • Greedy Tri-stripping
  • 3.5 Capping Clipped Solids with the Stencil Buffer
  • 3.6 Constructive Solid Geometry with the Stencil Buffer
• 4 Geometry and Transformations
  • 4.1 Stereo Viewing
    • 4.1.1 Fusion Distance
    • 4.1.2 Computing the Transforms
  • 9.2 Depth of Field
  • 4.3 The Z Coordinate and Perspective Projection
    • 4.3.1 Depth Buffering
  • 4.4 Image Tiling
  • 4.5 Moving the Current Raster Position
  • 4.6 Preventing Clipping of Wide Lines and Points
  • 4.7 Distortion Correction
• 5 Texture Mapping
  • 5.1 Review
    • 5.1.1 Filtering
    • 5.1.2 Texture Environment
  • 5.2 Mipmap Generation
  • 5.3 Texture Map Limits
  • 5.4 Anisotropic Texture Filtering
  • 5.5 Paging Textures
    • 5.5.1 Texture Subloading
    • 5.5.2 Paging Images in System Memory
  • 5.6 Transparency Mapping and Trimming with Alpha
  • 5.7 Billboards
  • 5.8 Rendering Text
  • 5.9 Texture Mosaicing
  • 5.10 Texture Coordinate Generation
  • 5.11 Color Coding and Contouring
  • 5.12 Annotating Metrics
  • 5.13 Projective Textures
    • 5.13.1 How to Project a Texture
  • 5.14 Environment Mapping
  • 5.15 Image Warping and Dewarping
  • 5.16 3D Textures
    • 5.16.1 Using 3D Textures
      • 3D Textures vs. Mipmaps
    • 5.16.2 3D Textures to Render Solid Materials
    • 5.16.3 3D Textures as Multidimensional Functions
  • 5.17 Line Integral Convolution (LIC) with Texture
    • 5.17.1 Sampling
    • 5.17.2 Using OpenGL to Create Line Integral Convolution (LIC) Images
    • 5.17.3 Line Integral Convolution Procedure
    • 5.17.4 Details
    • 5.17.5 Maximizing Contrast
    • 5.17.6 Going Farther
  • 5.18 Detail Textures
    • 5.18.1 Signed Intensity Detail Textures
    • 5.18.2 Making Detail Textures
  • 5.19 Gradual Cutaway Views
    • 5.19.1 Steps to Generating a Cutaway Shell
    • 5.19.2 Refinements
    • 5.19.3 Rendering a Surface Textured Shell
    • 5.19.4 Alpha Buffer Approach
    • 5.19.5 No Alpha Buffer Approach
  • 5.20 Procedural Texture Generation
    • 5.20.1 Filtered Noise Functions
    • 5.20.2 Generating Noise Functions
    • 5.20.3 High Resolution Filtering
    • 5.20.4 Spectral Synthesis
    • 5.20.5 Other Noise Functions
    • 5.20.6 Turbulence
    • 5.20.7 Example: Image Warping
    • 5.20.8 Generating 3D Noise
    • 5.20.9 Generating 2D Noise to Simulate 3D Noise
    • Trade-offs Between 3D and 2D Techniques
• 8.5.3 Blending
  • 6.1 Compositing
  • 6.2 Advanced Blending
  • 6.3 Painting
  • 6.4 Blending with the Accumulation Buffer
  • 6.5 Blending Transitions
• 11.9.4 Antialiasing
  • 7.1 Line and Point Antialiasing
  • 7.2 Polygon Antialiasing
  • 7.3 Multisampling
  • 7.4 Antialiasing With Textures
  • 7.5 Antialiasing with Accumulation Buffer
• 8 Lighting
  • 8.1 Phong Shading
    • 8.1.1 Phong Highlights with Texture
    • 8.1.2 Improved Highlight Shape
    • 8.1.3 Spotlight Effects using Projective Textures
    • 8.1.4 Phong Shading by Adaptive Tessellation
  • 8.2 Light Maps
    • 8.2.1 2D Texture Light Maps
    • 8.2.2 3D Texture Light Maps
  • 8.3 Other Lighting Models
  • 8.4 Global Illumination
  • 8.5 Bump Mapping with Textures
    • 8.5.1 Tangent Space
    • 8.5.2 Going for Higher Quality
    • Blending
    • 8.5.4 Why Does This Work?
    • 8.5.5 Limitations
  • 8.6 Choosing Material Properties
    • 8.6.1 Modeling Material Type
      • Dielectrics
      • Metals
      • Composite Materials
      • Other Materials
    • 8.6.2 Modeling Material Smoothness
• 9 Scene Realism
  • 9.1 Motion Blur
  • Depth of Field
  • 9.3 Reflections and Refractions
    • 9.3.1 Planar Reflectors
      • Planar Reflections and Refractions Using the Stencil Buffer
      • Planar Reflections using Texture Mapping
      • Interreflections
    • 9.3.2 Sphere Mapping
      • Using a Sphere Map
      • Generating a Sphere Map for Specular Reflection
      • Multipass Techniques and Interreflections
      • Other Sphere Mapping Techniques
      • Limitations of Sphere Mapping
  • 9.4 Creating Shadows
    • 9.4.1 Projection Shadows
      • Projection Shadow Trade-offs
    • 9.4.2 Shadow Volumes
      • Multiple Light Sources
      • Shadow Volume Trade-offs
    • 9.4.3 Shadow Maps
      • Shadow Map Trade-offs
    • 9.4.4 Soft Shadows by Jittering Lights
    • 9.4.5 Soft Shadows Using Textures
• 10 Transparency
  • Screen-Door Transparency
  • 10.2 Alpha Blending
  • 10.3 Sorting
  • 10.4 Using the Alpha Function
  • 10.5 Using Multisampling
• 11 Natural Phenomena
  • 11.1 Smoke
  • 11.2 Vapor Trails
  • 11.3 Fire
  • 11.4 Explosions
  • 11.5 Clouds
  • 11.6 Water
  • 11.7 Light Points
  • 11.8 Other Atmospheric Effects
  • 11.9 Particle Systems
    • 11.9.1 Representing Particles
    • 11.9.2 Particle Sizes
    • 11.9.3 Large and Small Points
    • Antialiasing
    • 11.9.5 ``Fat'' Particles
    • 11.9.6 Particle Systems in a Scene
  • 11.10 Precipitation
• 12 Image Processing
  • Introduction
    • 12.1.1 The Pixel Transfer Pipeline
    • 12.1.2 Geometric Drawing and Texturing
    • The Framebuffer and Per-Fragment Operations
    • 12.1.4 The Imaging Subset in OpenGL 1.2
  • 12.2 Colors and Color Spaces
    • 12.2.1 The Accumulation Buffer: Interpolation and Extrapolation
    • 12.2.2 Pixel Scale and Bias Operations
    • Look-Up Tables
      • Pixel Maps
      • The Color Table Extension
      • The Texture Color Table Extension
      • The Pixel Texture Extension
        • Equivalent Functionality Without SGIX_pixel_texture
    • 12.2.4 The Color Matrix Extension
      • Equivalent Functionality Without SGI_color_matrix
      • Scale and Bias
      • Conversion to Luminance
      • Modifying Saturation
      • Hue Rotation
      • CMY Conversion
      • YIQ Conversion
  • 12.3 Convolutions
    • Introduction
    • 12.3.2 The Convolution Operation
      • Two-Dimensional Convolutions
      • Separable Filters
    • 12.3.3 Convolutions Using the Accumulation Buffer
    • 12.3.4 The Convolution Extension
    • 12.3.5 Useful Convolution Filters
      • Line detection
        • Horizontal Edges
        • Vertical Edges
        • Left Diagonal Edges
        • Right Diagonal Edges
      • Gradient Detection (Embossing)
        • North
        • West
        • East
        • South
        • Northeast
      • Smoothing and Blurring
        • Arithmetic Mean
        • Basic Smooth: 3x3
        • Basic Smooth: 5x5
      • High-pass Filters
        • Basic High-Pass Filter: 3x3
        • Basic High-Pass Filter: 5x5
      • Laplacian Filter
      • Sobel Filter
        • Horizontal
        • Vertical
    • 12.3.6 Correlation and Feature Detection
  • 12.4 Image Warping
    • 12.4.1 The Pixel Zoom Operation
    • 12.4.2 Warps Using Texture Mapping
• 13 Volume Visualization with Texture
  • 13.1 Overview of the Technique
  • 13.2 3D Texture Volume Rendering
  • 13.3 2D Texture Volume Rendering
  • 13.4 Blending Operators
    • 13.4.1 Over
    • 13.4.2 Attenuate
    • 13.4.3 Maximum Intensity Projection
    • 13.4.4 Under
  • 13.5 Sampling Frequency
  • 13.6 Shrinking the Volume Image
  • 13.7 Virtualizing Texture Memory
  • 13.8 Mixing Volumetric and Geometric Objects
  • 13.9 Transfer Functions
  • 13.10 Volume Cutting Planes
  • 13.11 Shading the Volume
  • 13.12 Warped Volumes
• 14 Using the Stencil Buffer
  • 14.1 Dissolves with Stencil
  • 14.2 Decaling with Stencil
  • 14.3 Finding Depth Complexity with the Stencil Buffer
  • 14.4 Compositing Images with Depth
• 15 Line Rendering Techniques
  • 15.1 Wireframe Models
  • 15.2 Hidden Lines
    • 15.2.1 glPolygonOffset
    • 15.2.2 glDepthRange
  • 15.3 Haloed Lines
  • 15.4 Silhouette Edges
  • 15.5 Preventing Smooth Wide Line Overlap
  • 15.6 End Caps On Wide Lines
• 16 Tuning Your OpenGL Application
  • 16.1 What Is Pipeline Tuning?
    • Three-Stage Model of the Graphics Pipeline
    • 16.1.2 Finding Bottlenecks in Your Application
      • Application bottlenecks.
      • Geometry bottlenecks.
      • Rasterization bottlenecks.
  • 16.2 Optimizing Your Application Code
    • 16.2.1 Optimize Cache and Memory Usage
      • Minimizing Cache Misses.
    • 16.2.2 Store Data in a Format That is Efficient for Rendering
      • Minimizing State Changes.
    • Per-Platform Tuning
  • 16.3 Tuning the Geometry Subsystem
    • 16.3.1 Use Expensive Modes Efficiently
    • 16.3.2 Optimizing Transformations
    • 16.3.3 Optimizing Lighting Performance
    • Advanced Geometry-Limited Tuning Techniques
  • 16.4 Tuning the Raster Subsystem
    • 16.4.1 Using Backface/Frontface Removal
    • Minimizing Per-Pixel Calculations
      • Avoid Unnecessary Per-Fragment Operations.
      • Use Simple Fill Algorithms for Large Polygons.
      • Use the Depth Buffer Efficiently.
    • 16.4.3 Optimizing Texture Mapping
    • 16.4.4 Clearing the Color and Depth Buffers Simultaneously
  • 16.5 Rendering Geometry Efficiently
    • Using Peak-Performance Primitives
    • 16.5.2 Using Vertex Arrays
    • 16.5.3 Using Display Lists
    • 16.5.4 Balancing Polygon Size and Pixel Operations
  • 16.6 Rendering Images Efficiently
  • 16.7 Tuning Animation
    • 16.7.1 Factors Contributing to Animation Speed
    • 16.7.2 Optimizing Frame Rate Performance
  • 16.8 Taking Timing Measurements
    • 16.8.1 Benchmarking Basics
    • 16.8.2 Achieving Accurate Timing Measurements
    • 16.8.3 Achieving Accurate Benchmarking Results
• 17 Portability Considerations
  • 17.1 General Concerns
    • 17.1.1 Handle Runtime Feature Availability Carefully
    • 17.1.2 Extensions and OpenGL Versioning
    • 17.1.3 Source Compatibility Across OpenGL SDKs
    • 17.1.4 Characterize Platform Performance
  • 17.2 Windows versus UNIX
  • 17.3 3D Texture Portability
• 18 List of Demo Programs
• 19 GLUT, the OpenGL Utility Toolkit
• 20 Equations
  • 20.1 Projection Matrices
    • 20.1.1 Perspective Projection
    • 20.1.2 Orthographic Projection
    • Perspective z-Coordinate Transformations
  • 20.2 Lighting Equations
    • 20.2.1 Attenuation Factor
    • 20.2.2 Spotlight Effect
    • 20.2.3 Ambient Term
    • 20.2.4 Diffuse Term
    • 20.2.5 Specular Term
    • 20.2.6 Putting It All Together
• 21 References
• References
• About this document ...